Furthermore, we collected additional samples directly from ponds and springs. Based on the literature data, it has been revealed that springs and pingos can serve as  discharge points for subpermafrost groundwater in the Arctic. Literature data showed that pingo springs enable methane that has accumulated underneath the permafrost to escape directly to the atmosphere, our limited understanding of the groundwater system brings significant uncertainty to the understanding of how methane emissions will respond to changing (Hornum_2021 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4627-2020). Fot. Reza Saghravani